Infrastructure-scale additive manufacturing using mobile electron accelerators

ABSTRACT

A method and system for in situ cross-linking of polymers, Bitumen, and other materials to produce arbitrary functional or ornamental three-dimensional features using electron beams provided by mobile accelerators comprises defining a desired pattern for imparting on a target area, mapping the target area, defining at least one discrete voxel in the target area according to the desired pattern to be imparted on the target area, assigning an irradiation value to each of the at least one discrete voxels, and delivering a dose of irradiation to each of the at least one discrete voxels according to the assigned irradiation value.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a Divisional of, and claims priority to, U.S.patent application Ser. No. 16/179,546 entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FORIN SITU CROSS-LINKING OF MATERIALS TO PRODUCE THREE-DIMENSIONAL FEATURESVIA ELECTRON BEAMS FROM MOBILE ACCELERATORS,” which was filed Nov. 2,2018, and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT RIGHTS

The invention described in this patent application was made withGovernment support under the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, ContractNumber DE-ACO2-07CH11359 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. TheGovernment has certain rights in the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments are generally related to the field of control systems.Embodiments are also related to the field of manufacturing. Embodimentsare further related to the field of electron beam manufacturing.Embodiments are also related to electron accelerators. Embodiments arealso related to the cross-linking of materials such as syntheticpolymer. Embodiments additionally relate to methods and systems forrapid and deep pre-heating of surfaces, surface preparation, treating,and strengthening materials. Embodiments are also related to the fieldof mobile accelerators. Embodiments are further related to methods,systems, and apparatuses for in situ cross-linking of polymers, Bitumen,and other materials to produce arbitrary functional or ornamentalthree-dimensional features using electron beams provided by mobileaccelerators.

BACKGROUND

Accelerators originally developed for scientific applications arecurrently used for broad industrial, medical, and security applications.Over 30,000 accelerators find some use in producing over $500 billionper year in products and services, creating a major impact on theeconomy. Industrial accelerators must be cost effective, simple,versatile, efficient, and robust.

An electron accelerator refers generally to a type of apparatus capableof accelerating electrons generated from an electron gun in a vacuumcondition through a high voltage generator or RF structure to impartincreased energy to the electron, and diffusing the electrons so as toemit electron beams having high energy close to the speed of lightthrough a beam extraction device so that the electrons are extractedfrom the vacuum condition and can impinge on a target object. Theelectron accelerator accelerates the electrons generated from theelectron gun and emits the electron beams having a regular width whilescanning in a scan coil in the beam extraction device so as to cause theelectron beams to irradiate a target object in a controlled fashion.

Many industrial applications for electron accelerators requirehigh-average beam power. Recent developments have dramatically reducedthe size of electron accelerators, paving the way for a number of newassociated technologies.

SUMMARY

The following summary is provided to facilitate an understanding of someof the innovative features unique to the embodiments disclosed and isnot intended to be a full description. A full appreciation of thevarious aspects of the embodiments can be gained by taking the entirespecification, claims, drawings, and abstract as a whole.

It is, therefore, one aspect of the disclosed embodiments to provide amethod, system, and apparatus for control systems.

It is an aspect of the disclosed embodiments to provide methods andsystems for manufacturing.

It is an aspect of the disclosed embodiments to provide methods andsystems for electron beam manufacturing.

It is an aspect of the disclosed embodiments to provide methods andsystems for electron accelerator manufacturing.

It is an aspect of the disclosed embodiments to provide methods andsystems for cross-linking of materials.

It is an aspect of the disclosed embodiments to provide methods andsystems for rapid and deep pre-heating of surfaces, surface preparation,treating, and strengthening materials.

It is an aspect of the disclosed embodiments to provide methods andsystems for in situ cross-linking of polymers, Bitumen, and othermaterials to produce arbitrary functional or ornamentalthree-dimensional features using electron beams provided by mobileaccelerators.

In an exemplary embodiment, a method for fabrication includes defining adesired pattern for imparting on a target area, mapping the target area,defining at least one discrete voxel in the target area, according tothe desired pattern to be imparted on the target area, assigning anirradiation value to each of the at least one discrete voxels, anddelivering a dose of irradiation to each of the at least one discretevoxels according to the assigned irradiation value. In an embodiment,the method further comprises delivering the dose of irradiation with anaccelerator. In an embodiment the method comprises adjusting a dutyfactor of the accelerator according to the assigned irradiation valuefor each of the at least one discrete voxels. In an embodimentdelivering the dose of irradiation further comprises at least one of:directing an electron beam accelerator mounted to a vehicle through thetarget area, and sweeping an electron beam over the target area. Themethod further comprises directing the vehicle in a predefined path,wherein the predefined path is selected according to the desired patternfor imparting on the target area. In an embodiment the method furthercomprises determining a position of the vehicle in the target area withat least one sensor. In an embodiment the method further comprisesdepositing a cross-linking material in the target area. In an embodimentthe accelerator comprises an electron beam accelerator mounted to avehicle. In an embodiment the target area is at least one of:two-dimensional, and three-dimensional. In another embodiment the methodfurther comprises iteratively creating a plurality of layers, theplurality of layers forming a three-dimensional structure.

In an embodiment a fabrication system comprises a mobile acceleratorsystem, and a control system configured for: defining a desired patternfor imparting on a target area, mapping the target area defining atleast one discrete voxel in the target area, according to the desiredpattern to be imparted on the target area, and assigning an irradiationvalue to each of the at least one discrete voxels; wherein the mobileaccelerator system delivers a dose of irradiation to each of the atleast one discrete voxels according to the assigned irradiation value.In an embodiment the mobile accelerator system further comprises amobile unit, an accelerator, and a beam bending assembly, the beambending assembly adjusting a terminal position of a beam provided by theaccelerator. In an embodiment the beam bending assembly comprises atleast one beam bending magnet. In an embodiment the beam bendingassembly comprises a beam bending snout. In an embodiment the beambending assembly is configured to direct an electron beam from theaccelerator through the target area. In an embodiment the system furthercomprises a vehicle for moving the mobile accelerator system in apredefined path, the predefined path selected according to the desiredpattern for imparting on the target area. The system can furthercomprise at least one position sensor configured for determining aposition of the mobile accelerator assembly in the target area.

In another embodiment a fabrication method comprises designing astructure, defining at least one discrete voxel in the structure,assigning an irradiation value to each of the at least one discretevoxels, covering a build surface with material, and delivering a dose ofirradiation to each of the at least one discrete voxels according to theassigned irradiation value. In an embodiment the method furthercomprises preparing the build surface for fabrication. In an embodimentthe method further comprises iteratively creating a plurality of layersassociated with the structure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying figures, in which like reference numerals refer toidentical or functionally-similar elements throughout the separate viewsand which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification,further illustrate the embodiments and, together with the detaileddescription, serve to explain the embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a computer system which is implementedin accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 2 depicts a graphical representation of a network ofdata-processing devices in which aspects of the present embodiments maybe implemented;

FIG. 3 depicts a computer software system for directing the operation ofthe data-processing system depicted in FIG. 1 , in accordance with anembodiment;

FIG. 4 depicts a perspective cut-away view of RF structures that canform elements of an electron accelerator that can be adapted for use inaccordance with a preferred embodiment;

FIG. 5 depicts a perspective cut-away view of a superconducting RFstructure that can also form elements of an electron accelerator adaptedfor use in accordance with an embodiment. The figure indicates theoperating principles of such an elliptical RF cavity;

FIG. 6 depicts a system for treating and strengthening a material, inaccordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 7 depicts a system for fabricating structures in accordance withthe disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 8A depicts a method for fabricating structures in accordance withthe disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 8B depicts a method for fabricating structures in accordance withthe disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 9 depicts a beam bending system in accordance with the disclosedembodiments;

FIG. 10 depicts a system for controlling duty factor in accordance withthe disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 11 depicts a system for fabricating three-dimensional structures inaccordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 12 depicts a method for fabricating three-dimensional structures inaccordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 13A depicts an electrified road in accordance with the disclosedembodiments;

FIG. 13B depicts a method for fabricating an electrified road inaccordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 14A depicts an induced electrified road in accordance with thedisclosed embodiments; and

FIG. 14B depicts a method for fabricating an induced electrified road inaccordance with the disclosed embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The particular values and configurations discussed in the followingnon-limiting examples can be varied, and are cited merely to illustrateone or more embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope thereof.

Example embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which illustrativeembodiments are shown. The embodiments disclosed herein can be embodiedin many different forms and should not be construed as limited to theembodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided sothat this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fullyconvey the scope of the embodiments to those skilled in the art. Likenumbers refer to like elements throughout.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, thesingular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” are intended to include the pluralforms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It willbe further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,”when used in this specification, specify the presence of statedfeatures, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, butdo not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features,integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groupsthereof.

Throughout the specification and claims, terms may have nuanced meaningssuggested or implied in context beyond an explicitly stated meaning.Likewise, the phrase “in one embodiment” as used herein does notnecessarily refer to the same embodiment and the phrase “in anotherembodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a differentembodiment. It is intended, for example, that claimed subject matterinclude combinations of example embodiments in whole or in part.

In general, terminology may be understood at least in part from usage incontext. For example, terms, such as “and”, “or”, or “and/or,” as usedherein may include a variety of meanings that may depend at least inpart upon the context in which such terms are used. Typically, “or” ifused to associate a list, such as A, B or C, is intended to mean A, B,and C, here used in the inclusive sense, as well as A, B or C, here usedin the exclusive sense. In addition, the term “one or more” as usedherein, depending at least in part upon context, may be used to describeany feature, structure, or characteristic in a singular sense or may beused to describe combinations of features, structures or characteristicsin a plural sense. In addition, the term “based on” may be understood asnot necessarily intended to convey an exclusive set of factors and may,instead, allow for existence of additional factors not necessarilyexpressly described, again, depending at least in part on context.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art. It will be further understood that terms,such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should beinterpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning inthe context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in anidealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

FIGS. 1-3 are provided as exemplary diagrams of data-processingenvironments in which embodiments of the present invention may beimplemented. It should be appreciated that FIGS. 1-3 are only exemplaryand are not intended to assert or imply any limitation with regard tothe environments in which aspects or embodiments of the disclosedembodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depictedenvironments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe disclosed embodiments.

A block diagram of a computer system 100 that executes programming forimplementing parts of the methods and systems disclosed herein is shownin FIG. 1 . A computing device in the form of a computer 110 configuredto interface with sensors, peripheral devices, and other elementsdisclosed herein may include one or more processing units 102, memory104, removable storage 112, and non-removable storage 114. Memory 104may include volatile memory 106 and non-volatile memory 108. Computer110 may include or have access to a computing environment that includesa variety of transitory and non-transitory computer-readable media suchas volatile memory 106 and non-volatile memory 108, removable storage112 and non-removable storage 114. Computer storage includes, forexample, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM) and electrically erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memorytechnologies, compact disc read-only memory (CD ROM), Digital VersatileDisks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetictape, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, or anyother medium capable of storing computer-readable instructions as wellas data including image data.

Computer 110 may include or have access to a computing environment thatincludes input 116, output 118, and a communication connection 120. Thecomputer may operate in a networked environment using a communicationconnection 120 to connect to one or more remote computers, remotesensors, detection devices, hand-held devices, multi-function devices(MFDs), mobile devices, tablet devices, mobile phones, Smartphones, orother such devices. The remote computer may also include a personalcomputer (PC), server, router, network PC, RFID enabled device, a peerdevice or other common network node, or the like. The communicationconnection may include a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network(WAN), Bluetooth connection, or other networks. This functionality isdescribed more fully in the description associated with FIG. 2 below.

Output 118 is most commonly provided as a computer monitor, but mayinclude any output device. Output 118 and/or input 116 may include adata collection apparatus associated with computer system 100. Inaddition, input 116, which commonly includes a computer keyboard and/orpointing device such as a computer mouse, computer track pad, or thelike, allows a user to select and instruct computer system 100. A userinterface can be provided using output 118 and input 116. Output 118 mayfunction as a display for displaying data and information for a user,and for interactively displaying a graphical user interface (GUI) 130.

Note that the term “GUI” generally refers to a type of environment thatrepresents programs, files, options, and so forth by means ofgraphically displayed icons, menus, and dialog boxes on a computermonitor screen. A user can interact with the GUI to select and activatesuch options by directly touching the screen and/or pointing andclicking with a user input device 116 such as, for example, a pointingdevice such as a mouse and/or with a keyboard. A particular item canfunction in the same manner to the user in all applications because theGUI provides standard software routines (e.g., module 125) to handlethese elements and report the user's actions. The GUI can further beused to display the electronic service image frames as discussed below.

Computer-readable instructions, for example, program module or node 125,which can be representative of other modules or nodes described herein,are stored on a computer-readable medium and are executable by theprocessing unit 102 of computer 110. Program module or node 125 mayinclude a computer application. A hard drive, CD-ROM, RAM, Flash Memory,and a USB drive are just some examples of articles including acomputer-readable medium.

FIG. 2 depicts a graphical representation of a network ofdata-processing systems 200 in which aspects of the present inventionmay be implemented. Network data-processing system 200 is a network ofcomputers or other such devices such as mobile phones, smartphones,sensors, detection devices, controllers and the like in whichembodiments of the present invention may be implemented. Note that thesystem 200 can be implemented in the context of a software module suchas program module 125. The system 200 includes a network 202 incommunication with one or more clients 210, 212, and 214. Network 202may also be in communication with one or more device 204, servers 206,and storage 208. Network 202 is a medium that can be used to providecommunications links between various devices and computers connectedtogether within a networked data processing system such as computersystem 100. Network 202 may include connections such as wiredcommunication links, wireless communication links of various types,fiber optic cables, quantum, or quantum encryption, or quantumteleportation networks, etc. Network 202 can communicate with one ormore servers 206, one or more external devices such as a controller,actuator, sensor, or other such device 204, and a memory storage unitsuch as, for example, memory or database 208. It should be understoodthat device 204 may be embodied as a detector device, microcontroller,controller, receiver, transceiver, or other such device.

In the depicted example, device 204, server 206, and clients 210, 212,and 214 connect to network 202 along with storage unit 208. Clients 210,212, and 214 may be, for example, personal computers or networkcomputers, handheld devices, mobile devices, tablet devices,smartphones, personal digital assistants, microcontrollers, recordingdevices, MFDs, etc. Computer system 100 depicted in FIG. 1 can be, forexample, a client such as client 210 and/or 212.

Computer system 100 can also be implemented as a server such as server206, depending upon design considerations. In the depicted example,server 206 provides data such as boot files, operating system images,applications, and application updates to clients 210, 212, and/or 214.Clients 210, 212, and 214 and external device 204 are clients to server206 in this example. Network data-processing system 200 may includeadditional servers, clients, and other devices not shown. Specifically,clients may connect to any member of a network of servers, which provideequivalent content.

In the depicted example, network data-processing system 200 is theInternet with network 202 representing a worldwide collection ofnetworks and gateways that use the Transmission ControlProtocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite of protocols to communicatewith one another. At the heart of the Internet is a backbone ofhigh-speed data communication lines between major nodes or hostcomputers consisting of thousands of commercial, government,educational, and other computer systems that route data and messages. Ofcourse, network data-processing system 200 may also be implemented as anumber of different types of networks such as, for example, an intranet,a local area network (LAN), or a wide area network (WAN). FIGS. 1 and 2are intended as examples and not as architectural limitations fordifferent embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a software system 300, which may be employed fordirecting the operation of the data-processing systems such as computersystem 100 depicted in FIG. 1 . Software application 305, may be storedin memory 104, on removable storage 112, or on non-removable storage 114shown in FIG. 1 , and generally includes and/or is associated with akernel or operating system 310 and a shell or interface 315. One or moreapplication programs, such as module(s) or node(s) 125, may be “loaded”(i.e., transferred from removable storage 114 into the memory 104) forexecution by the data-processing system 100. The data-processing system100 can receive user commands and data through user interface 315, whichcan include input 116 and output 118, accessible by a user 320. Theseinputs may then be acted upon by the computer system 100 in accordancewith instructions from operating system 310 and/or software application305 and any software module(s) 125 thereof.

Generally, program modules (e.g., module 125) can include, but are notlimited to, routines, subroutines, software applications, programs,objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particulartasks or implement particular abstract data types and instructions.Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that elements of thedisclosed methods and systems may be practiced with other computersystem configurations such as, for example, hand-held devices, mobilephones, smart phones, tablet devices, multi-processor systems, printers,copiers, fax machines, multi-function devices, data networks,microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, networkedpersonal computers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, servers, medicalequipment, medical devices, and the like.

Note that the term module or node as utilized herein may refer to acollection of routines and data structures that perform a particulartask or implements a particular abstract data type. Modules may becomposed of two parts: an interface, which lists the constants, datatypes, variables, and routines that can be accessed by other modules orroutines; and an implementation, which is typically private (accessibleonly to that module) and which includes source code that actuallyimplements the routines in the module. The term module may also simplyrefer to an application such as a computer program designed to assist inthe performance of a specific task such as word processing, accounting,inventory management, etc., or a hardware component designed toequivalently assist in the performance of a task.

The interface 315 (e.g., a graphical user interface 130) can serve todisplay results, whereupon a user 320 may supply additional inputs orterminate a particular session. In some embodiments, operating system310 and GUI 130 can be implemented in the context of a “windows” system.It can be appreciated, of course, that other types of systems arepossible. For example, rather than a traditional “windows” system, otheroperation systems such as, for example, a real time operating system(RTOS) more commonly employed in wireless systems may also be employedwith respect to operating system 310 and interface 315. The softwareapplication 305 can include, for example, module(s) 125, which caninclude instructions for carrying out steps or logical operations suchas those shown and described herein.

The following description is presented with respect to embodiments ofthe present invention, which can be embodied in the context of, orrequire the use of a data-processing system such as computer system 100,in conjunction with program module 125, and data-processing system 200and network 202 depicted in FIGS. 1-3 . The present invention, however,is not limited to any particular application or any particularenvironment. Instead, those skilled in the art will find that thesystems and methods of the present invention may be advantageouslyapplied to a variety of system and application software includingdatabase management systems, word processors, and the like. Moreover,the present invention may be embodied on a variety of differentplatforms including Windows, Macintosh, UNIX, LINUX, Android, Arduinoand the like. Therefore, the descriptions of the exemplary embodiments,which follow, are for purposes of illustration and not considered alimitation.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,186,645, titled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR IN-SITU CROSSLINKING OF POLYMERS, BITUMEN AND SIMILAR MATERIALS TO INCREASE STRENGTH,TOUGHNESS AND DURABILITY VIA IRRADIATION WITH ELECTRON BEAMS FROM MOBILEACCELERATORS,” issued on Nov. 17, 2015 describes systems and methods fortreating and strengthening a material, the systems and methodscomprising a mobile unit, an electron gun that emits a beam ofelectrons, an electron accelerator integrated with the mobile unit thatis positioned to accelerate the beam of electrons, and a beam extractiondevice comprising a scan coil that emits the accelerated beam ofelectrons, where the beam extracting device is positioned on the mobileunit to irradiate the surface of, and treat in-situ, a material locatedproximate to the mobile unit, wherein irradiation of the material by thebeam of electrons results in in-situ cross-linking of the material andtherefore a strengthening and increased durability of the material. U.S.Pat. No. 9,186,645 is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,340,931, titled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR IN-SITU CROSSLINKING OF POLYMERS, BITUMEN AND SIMILAR MATERIALS TO INCREASE STRENGTH,TOUGHNESS AND DURABILITY VIA IRRADIATION WITH ELECTRON BEAMS FROM MOBILEACCELERATORS,” issued on May 17, 2016 describes systems and methods fortreating and strengthening a material, the systems and methodscomprising a mobile unit, an electron gun that emits a beam ofelectrons, an electron accelerator integrated with the mobile unit thatis positioned to accelerate the beam of electrons, and a beam extractiondevice comprising a scan coil that emits the accelerated beam ofelectrons, where the beam extracting device is positioned on the mobileunit to irradiate the surface of, and treat in-situ, a material locatedproximate to the mobile unit, wherein irradiation of the material by thebeam of electrons results in in-situ cross-linking of the material andtherefore a strengthening and increased durability of the material. U.S.Pat. No. 9,340,931 is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

U.S. Pat. No. 10,070,509, titled “COMPACT SRF BASED ACCELERATOR,” issuedon Sep. 4, 2018, describes a particle accelerator comprising anaccelerator cavity, an electron gun, and a cavity cooler configured toat least partially encircle the accelerator cavity. A cooling connectorand an intermediate conduction layer are formed between the cavitycooler and the accelerator cavity to facilitate thermal conductivitybetween the cavity cooler and the accelerator cavity. The embodimentsdisclosed therein teach a viable, compact, robust, high-power,high-energy electron-beam, or x-ray source. The disclosed advances areintegrated into a single design, that enables compact, mobile,high-power electron accelerators. U.S. Pat. No. 10,070,509 is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective cut-away view of an RF structure 410that can form elements of an electron accelerator that can be adaptedfor use in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein. Note that RFaccelerator and electron gun structures can be employed to produceelectron beams of the required energy for implementation of thedisclosed embodiments. An electron accelerator, for example, thatemploys the RF structure 410 can accelerate electrons generated from anelectron gun with RF electric fields in resonant cavities sequenced suchthat the electrons are accelerated due to an electric field present ineach cavity as the electron traverses the cavity to reach a beamextraction device.

FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective cut-away view of a four cell ellipticalsuperconducting RF structure 520 that can also form elements of anelectron accelerator adapted for use in accordance with an embodiment.Note that varying embodiments can employ alternative cavity geometriesand/or cell numbers. FIG. 5 generally indicates the operating principlesof an elliptical RF cavity. Advancements in SRF technology can enableeven more compact and efficient accelerators for this application.

The RF structure 520 of FIG. 5 demonstrates the principle of operationin which alternating RF electric fields can be arranged to accelerategroups of electrons timed to arrive in each cavity when the electricfield in that cavity causes the electrons to gain additional energy. Inthe particular embodiment shown in FIG. 5 , a voltage generator 522 caninduce an electric field within the RF cavity. Its voltage canoscillate, for example, with a radio frequency of 1.3 Gigahertz or 1.3billion times per second. An electron source 524 can inject particlesinto the cavity in phase with the variable voltage provided by thevoltage generator 522 of the RF structure 520. Arrow(s) 526 shown inFIG. 5 indicate that the electron injection and cavity RF phase isadjusted such that electrons experience or “feel” an average force thataccelerates them in the forward direction, while arrow(s) 528 indicatethat electrons are not present in a cavity cell when the force is in thebackwards direction.

It can be appreciated that the example RF structures 410 and 520,respectively shown in FIGS. 4-5 , represent examples only and thatelectron accelerators of other types andconfigurations/structures/frequencies may be implemented in accordancewith alternative embodiments. That is, the disclosed embodiments are notlimited structurally to the example electron accelerator structures 410,520, respectively shown in FIGS. 4-5 , but represent merely one possibletype of structure that may be employed with particular embodiments.Alternative embodiments may vary in structure, arrangement, frequency,and type of utilized accelerators, RF structures, and so forth.

FIG. 6 illustrates a system 660 for treating a material, in accordancewith a preferred embodiment. System 660 generally includes a mobile unit669 (e.g., a trailer, etc.) capable of being pulled by, for example, atruck 667 or other vehicle. It should be appreciated that the mobileunit 669 can comprise any transportation device, including but notlimited to, a sled, a dolly, a cart, or other such transportationsystem. In other embodiments, the mobile unit can comprise a drivenand/or autonomous vehicle. The truck 667 carries a mobile electricalgenerator 666. One or more electron accelerators 662 can be disposedwithin the trailer with respect to one or more RF sources 664. A coolingstructure 676 can also be located within the trailer or mobile unit 669with respect to the RF source 664. In a preferred embodiment, theaccelerators 662, RF sources 664, and cooling structure 676 can beintegrated with the mobile unit 669.

A shielding 668 can be located at the rear of the mobile unit 669 toenclose electron beams with respect to the electron accelerator(s) 662.In addition, a structure 672 for EB bending and sweeping magnets canalso be located at the rear of the mobile unit 669. A mechanism can alsobe provided to follow the target surface 678 where pattern creation in amaterial 688 is desired. The electron accelerators 662 can be positionedon the mobile unit 669 to irradiate (e.g. with X-rays, gamma rays, etc.)and treat in-situ, a material 688, in or around, the target surface 678(e.g., a road surface) where pattern creation is desired, locatedproximate to the mobile unit 669, wherein irradiation of the material688 via the electron accelerators 662 results in in-situ polymerizationand/or cross-linking resulting in fabrication of a pattern or structure689 in the target surface 678.

In some embodiments, the material 688 to be irradiated may constitute apolymer or a polymer composite. In other embodiments, such material canbe, for example, a bitumen or modified bitumen, or an electron or x-raycross-link capable bitumen product. In still other embodiments, thematerial can be, for example, plastic or plastic composite materials orany material capable of being cross-linked or its materials propertiesmodified with electron beams or X-ray or by irradiation of the materialto induce in-situ cross-linking or curing of the material. In otherembodiments, the material can comprise pre-formed pavement (or othercross-linkable material) tiles, of any shape, such that the tiles can bedistributed in a desired pattern and linked together.

In still other embodiments, the material 688 can be, for example,asphalt, modified asphalt, or a cross-link capable binder-stone mixtureof a road surface. In a preferred embodiment, material is such a roadsurface. In general, the mobile unit can be configured as avehicle-mounted unit that moves above and with respect to the targetarea in the road surface/material filling. The mobile unit moves withrespect to the material filling that is being treated.

In another embodiment, the system 660 can include a mobile electronaccelerator 662 that is used to accelerate electrons into the surface ofthe target area 678 that has material 688. The accelerated electronsrapidly raise the temperature of the repair or fill material (e.g.asphalt) above the melting point of the binder (e.g. bitumen) to anecessary depth below the surface of the repair. This allows a lastingpattern or structure to be made in the target area 678. The techniquefor imparting a pattern or structure 689 can also be combined with amaterial that can be electron beam cross-linked to provide extrastrength.

One of the key aspects of the disclosed embodiments is based on therealization that the material properties of polymers, for example, canbe improved (e.g., strength, toughness, heat resistance, etc.) viacross-linking the material with radiation. The mobile electronaccelerators 662 and/or providing the electron beams can provide suchirradiation.

When a synthetic polymer is to be “cross-linked,” this refers to aprocess in which a portion of, or the entire bulk of the polymer, hasbeen exposed to the cross-linking method. The disclosed approach exposesthe polymer to radiation from the electron accelerator(s). Thisresulting modification of mechanical properties depends strongly on thecross-link density achieved. Low cross-link densities decrease theviscosities of polymeric fluids. Intermediate cross-link densitiestransform gummy polymers into materials that have elastomeric propertiesand potentially high strengths. Additional cross-linking makes thematerial more rigid and eventually stiff and brittle. Radiation inducedpolymerization allows in-situ adjustment of such materials' properties.

Numerous polymers can be added to bitumen to create mixtures that, whencross-linked, alter their physical properties. Bitumen mixtures of thistype can be cross-linked, usually with the addition of sulfur compounds.In addition, materials can be added to the mixture to providereflective, colorful, or other cosmetic qualities of the mixture. Allsuch methods can be performed beforehand therefore coupling the handlingproperties of the materials during fabrication to the eventualproperties of the completed item.

The disclosed embodiments, can employ electron beams from mobileaccelerators such as, for example, accelerators controlled with acontrol system, to irradiate material in a specified manner to achieve adesired pattern or structure, by adjusting the properties of the bindingmaterials (e.g., polymer) in-situ, and after formation via radiationinduced cross-linking. Such an approach can be used to tailor the finalmaterials' properties to the intended application independent of thematerials' properties during formation of the surface. It should beappreciated, however, that such an approach is not limited to roadsurfaces, and can be adapted for use in irradiating other finishedin-place materials to achieve a desired pattern or structure from thematerial.

The embodiments described herein provide electron beams that are veryeffective at depositing heat deep (several centimeters or more) into asurface allowing its temperature to be raised to the standard workingtemperatures for asphalt, even under conditions of extreme winter cold.Electron beam heating described herein does not depend on the thermalconductivity of an asphalt like material, which is typically very poor,to heat subsurface material.

The embodiment depicted in FIG. 6 can be implemented in the context ofstandard asphalt construction and repair involving the use of gravel andbitumen, or in other fabrication methods. Treatment of a target area isnot limited to bulk road repair applications. While pot hole repair, forexample, can be achieved, other more nuanced applications may also bedesirable. For example, a target area can be selected where a desiredpattern or shape may be necessary. The shape or pattern may range fromsomething as simple as ridges or grooves in the surface, to complexthree-dimensional structures. Such features can be functional. Forexample, such features can be selected to increase lateral stiffness,control directional friction, repair damage, or increase drainingefficiency.

The desired features to be imparted in or on the target area can beexpressed in a two dimensional or three dimensional coordinate system.In the case of a three dimensional system, a series of voxel elementscan be defined in the target area. In such an example, the adjacent rowsof voxels in the accelerator's direction of travel can define the lengthof the feature within the target area. Adjacent rows of voxels in thebeam scanning direction can define the width of the feature in thetarget area. The energy of the beam spot can define the verticaldimension of the feature. The accelerator can then be moved through thetarget area while the beam is scanned across the target area. The dutyfactor of the accelerator can be adjusted so that each voxel element isproperly dosed with the required energy to achieve the desiredstructure.

FIG. 7 illustrates a system 700 for fabricating structures in a targetarea 678, in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. In suchembodiments, a control system 705 is operably connected to the mobileaccelerator assembly and/or the beam bending assembly 672. The controlsystem can comprise a computer system, including a specially configuredor special purpose computer system with a series of control modules. Thecontrol modules can comprise instructions that can be implemented tocontrol fabrication in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. Theoperable communication can be achieved via wired or wirelesscommunication over a network, or other such communication mode.

A user interface can be provided that allows the user to control variousaspects of designing a feature to be imparted in the surface, andcontrolling the mobile accelerator. The user interface can also providethe user instructions or notifications as to the control of the mobileaccelerator, etc. Thus, the user interface can be provided on a computersystem, mobile device, heads-up display associated with a vehicle, orother such device.

The control system 705 includes mapping module 730 which is configuredto interface with sensors, such as sensor 750 to generate a map of thetarget area 678, and/or store a map of the target area 678. The mappingmodule 730 can operate in conjunction with a discretization module 734configured to discretize the target area 678 into discrete volumes orvoxels. Design module 736 is configured to allow a user to prepareand/or store a desired structural design for the target area 678. A dosemodule 738 is configured to assign an irradiation dose to each voxeldefined by the discretization module 734, according to the designprovided by design module 736. Duty factor module 740 uses the speed ofthe mobile unit 669 to control the duty factor of the accelerator sothat each voxel receives the proper dose of irradiation. It should beunderstood that some or all of these modules can be automatic or canallow a user to define certain parameters, such as fabrication design,fabrication time, mobile unit speed, material characteristics, etc.

It should be appreciated that the duty factor module 740 can adjust theduty factor of the accelerator and/or can adjust the sweep frequency ofthe electron beam 710 through the electron beam bending assembly 672, toadjust the rate the electron beam 715 is cycled back and forth asillustrated by arrow 720.

The duty factor module 740 can be configured to accept input fromon-board sensors such as sensors 750 or external sensors, such assensors 745. It should be understood that these sensors can comprise,GPS receivers, locations sensors, sonic sensors, position sensors,beacons, image sensors, and the like. External sensors 745 can bepositioned around the target area 678, and serve to provide the controlsystem 705 reference location information on the location of theaccelerator and/or the target area 678. It should be appreciated thatlocation information may also be provided via a GPS system, aerial dronesystem, or other such system.

For example, localization of the accelerator with respect to its targetmay be achieved using both active and/or passive beacons 745 placed inor around the target area 678 with sensors 750 aboard the mobileaccelerator. In certain embodiments, physical barriers 755 may beerected such that the mobile unit 669 changes direction whenencountering the barrier 755. A barrier encounter could be physical(e.g. the mobile unit 669 contacts the barrier) or virtual (e.g. asensor aboard the accelerator recognizes physical proximity to a virtualor actual barrier 755).

In certain embodiments, the system, using beacons 745 to provide barrierfunctionality (i.e. to confine the accelerator to a specific area) aswell as provide accelerator localization, can be combined with anautonomously-driven mobile unit 669, configured to impart specificirradiation values to specific voxel elements. The mobile unit 669 cancreate specific designs by traveling an arbitrary or optimized paththrough the target area 678. The control system 705 can be programmed totraverse the space until all voxel elements have been treated accordingto the design created with the design module 736. The path can beoptimized, or can follow a pre-defined pattern, such as raster, spiral,or wall-following pattern.

In a simple example embodiment, where pothole filling is desired, thefeatures of a roadway with one or more potholes can be mapped. Themapped roadway, and the identified potholes, can be discretized intovoxel elements. Cross-linkable material 688 can be inserted into thepothole(s). The mobile unit can then be moved along the roadway over thepothole(s).

The control system 705 can be used to control irradiation of each voxelof the pothole with cross-linkable material 688 therein, andpotentially, proximate areas surrounding the pothole, to encouragecross-linking between the cross-linkable material and the existingroadway. The proximate area can be a predetermined distance (e.g. 2inches surrounding the pothole circumference) or can be defined by theuser. The voxels can be irradiated with the predefined dose provided bythe dose module such that the cross-linkable material 688 (andpotentially, the surrounding roadway) is irradiated. In such anembodiment, a significant portion of the roadway will not be irradiated(i.e. will be assigned a 0 value for irradiation) because it is notrelated to the pothole, or other such area of interest.

This embodiment not only crosslinks the filler material and surroundingpavement, but also provides more penetrating heat to the filler materialand surrounding pavement areas. The provision of heat as well ascrosslinking are characteristic of the exemplary embodiment. Thus, thepothole in the roadway can be repaired in this manner, even in extremecold conditions, where prior art pothole repair methods fail. It shouldbe appreciated that the same basic approach can be used on much largertarget areas (e.g. a highway, roadway, overpass, bridge, building pad,construction site, etc.) where more specialized design parameters aredesired.

In certain embodiments the cross-linkable material 688, which isintended to be targeted by the particle beam, can contain a tracerelement 760. An exemplary tracer element 760 can be a unique color orreflective, such that it can be detected by a low-cost sensor (e.g.sensor 750) mounted on the mobile unit 669. In such embodiments, thesensor 750 can be fixed on the mobile unit 669 a known distance ahead ofthe beam outlet. The sensor 750 can detect the tracer element 760. Asignal indicative of the detection of the tracer element 760 can beprovided to the control system 705 to signify the presence of fillermaterial 688. The control system can then correctly activate theaccelerator so that the beam outlet traverses the target area accordingto the user defined irradiation value necessary for fabrication of thedesired structure. It should be appreciated that tracer element 760 caninclude one or more of magnetic particles embedded in the material,colorful particles embedded in the material, and reflective particlesembedded in the material.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow chart of steps associated with a high levelmethod 800 for fabricating a structure using the systems disclosedherein, in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. The method beginsat 805. It should be appreciated that the order of the steps illustratedin method 800 are exemplary but could be implemented in alternativeorders according to design considerations.

A first step in the method is to select and map the target area (orvolume) as illustrated at step 810. Mapping of target topography can beaccomplished in any number of ways. In certain embodiments, historicalrecords or modern surveying methods can be used. Mapping targettopography can be achieved with a surveyor's “traverse,” whereby target(e.g. land, road, build platform, etc.) positions are assigned to aplane coordinate system. Other direct survey techniques which utilizeposition points, angle measurements, and distances between them can alsobe used.

Passive sensor methodologies may be utilized to map the target area,which can make use of aerial or satellite imagery to delineate terrainfeatures. Photogrammetry, whereby two or more photographic images takenfrom different angles expose the three-dimensional positions of commonfeatures are “triangulated” from the intersection of rays, can be usedto map target features. Other technologies such as RADAR (RadioDirection And Ranging) and LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging)techniques may be employed to map the target topography.

In other embodiments, drone systems, or other remote sensing techniquescan be used to map the target topography. Other techniques includesatellite or aircraft-borne sensor techniques.

Once the target area is adequately mapped, the next step 815 is todiscretize the target area or volume into voxel elements withaccompanying position values (e.g. GPS values, or other spatial values).This may be most easily achieved with a computer system, but other valueassignment techniques can also be used.

The desired structure to be fabricated in, or on, the target area cannext be defined as illustrated at 820. As previously noted, the desiredstructure can range in complexity and purpose. In some cases, thedesired structure may be as simple as a pothole fill, or warning groovesor bumps formed in the edge of a roadway. In other embodiments, complextwo or three dimensional structures can be selected, including but notlimited to, patterns to improve road traction, improve drainage, createvarying sounds or tones, and the like. In still further embodiments, thetarget area may not be a roadway. In such cases, the target area cancomprise a manufacturing bed where fabrication of complexthree-dimensional structures is desired.

At step 825 irradiation values can be assigned to each voxel element inthe target area according to the desired structure to be fabricated. Theirradiation values can be assigned to each voxel element with thecomputer system, or by other means. Irradiation values for any givenvoxel will vary according to the level of cross-linking necessary toimpart the desired structure. Thus, the irradiation values will rangefrom 0 to essentially any value greater than 0.

At this stage, the target area has been discretized into voxel elementsand each of those voxel elements has been assigned a specificirradiation value necessary to fabricate the desired structure in thetarget area. At step 830 the accelerator can begin an initial pass over,or through, the target area. As the accelerator progresses through thetarget area, the electron beam can be swept, most commonlyperpendicularly to the direction of motion of the accelerator, althoughother sweep patterns or shapes are also possible. According to thescaling described herein, the duty factor of the accelerator can beadjusted according to the accelerator speed so that each voxel isproperly dosed. Specifically, if the accelerator is moving slowly thecontrol system will adjust the duty factor of the accelerator so thateach voxel receives the required irradiation. If the accelerator ismoving faster, the accelerator will require a comparatively high dutyfactor. Thus, the control system can use the speed of the accelerator,and other such factors, to adjust the duty factor of the accelerator asshown at 835.

It should be understood that, in certain cases, the target area mayexceed the width of the electron beam sweep, and/or certain voxels inthe target area may require additional irradiation. In such cases, theaccelerator may make multiple passes over or through some or all of thetarget area to achieve the desired irradiation of each voxel.

In other embodiments, the target area can be very precisely targetedwith a single pass. It is an aspect of the disclosed embodiments toprovide methods and systems for reducing occupational exposure to theparticle beam by precisely targeting the materials to be irradiated, asillustrated in the method 800, rather than uniformly irradiating amaterial without regard to necessity. Irradiating only the materialsthat require irradiation (e.g. a pothole filled with filling material,instead of the entire roadway) dramatically reduces use of the beam andis consistent with “ALARA” principles of radiation safety to keeppotential radiation doses “As Low As Reasonably Achievable.” This cansignificantly reduce the radiation dose to which the operator (e.g. aroad worker) is exposed.

In still other embodiments, after a first pass, new material can bedeposited in some or all of the target area, and the accelerator canmake an additional pass over the newly added material, resulting in thefabrication of multiple layers of a desired two or three dimensionalstructure. The method ends at step 840 when the desired structure hasbeen fabricated.

FIG. 8B illustrates a method 850 for processing sensor data inaccordance with the disclosed embodiments. The method begins at 855. Atstep 860, one or more of the sensors associated with the mobile unitdetect the tracer material inserted in the cross-linking material.

Upon detection of the tracer material, at step 865, the sensor data canbe provided as location data (i.e. cartesian coordinates in one or moredimensions) to the controller. In addition, the tracer material cantrigger a “flag” in the controller indicating that the tracer materialhas been identified. The controller can then compare the locationcollected by the sensor to the map data of the target volume, asillustrated at 870.

At step 875 the controller can verify the flag, based on the sensordetection and the stored map data associated with the target volume.Once the controller verifies that the sensor has correctly identified atarget volume with the tracer material, at step 880, the coordinates ofthe location where the tracer material was identified can be used by thecontroller to adjust the beam bending assembly, so that the beam bendingassembly can irradiate the target area where the tracer has beenidentified. At step 885, the controller can also scale the pulse rate ofthe accelerator to provide the correct dose of irradiation for theidentified voxel with the tracer material.

It should be noted that this method can be continuously implemented suchthat the sensors notify the controller anytime a tracer material isidentified, as illustrated by arrow 890. In this way, the controller canuse detection of the tracer material to correctly irradiate one or moretarget locations in at or near real time, as the mobile unit passes overthe target. The method ends at 895.

A critical aspect of the system is the beam bending assembly, whichplays a crucial role in defining the width and shape of the beam scan.The beam bending assembly 672 can be controlled so that the desiredpattern is imparted on the target surface. The beam bending assembly canbe embodied in variety of ways. In some embodiments, the beam bendingassembly can comprise a set of one or more bending magnets 672,configured to bend the beam 710 along a predefined scanning direction,generally perpendicular to the motion of the mobile unit 669, althoughother beam scanning patterns are possible. In other embodiments, thebeam bending assembly can comprise an electromagnet, or deflection coil,configured to bend the beam 710. The control system can adjust theorientation of the beam bending assembly and/or the associated magneticfield to achieve other more complex beam bending patterns, or to spottreat one or more specific locations in the target area.

For example, in one embodiment, the accelerator is advanced in a desireddirection along a surface. The magnet (e.g. an electromagnet) serves tosweep the beam in a direction perpendicular to that of the accelerator,thereby defining the width of the scan pass. In certain embodiments, theelectron gun can be switched on and off at precisely defined intervals(i.e. a desired duty factor) to impart the desired irradiation to eachvoxel.

In other embodiments, a more sophisticated beam bending assembly than672 can include evacuated beam tubes, and beam bending magnets, with abeam extraction window, configured with rotatable vacuum seals. In thisassembly, the beam can be directed via the beam bending magnets suchthat an arbitrary pattern of high energy charged particles can bedelivered from the particle accelerator to a desired target volume.

In one such embodiment a snout 900 as illustrated in FIG. 9 , can beemployed. In such an embodiment, the particle beam 710 arrivesvertically in a downward direction in an evacuated beam transport tube905, and passes through a rotatable vacuum seal 910. The rotatablevacuum seal 910 can include a bending magnet 915.

The bending magnet 915 bends the beam 710 into a substantiallyhorizontal evacuated beam tube 920 with a horizontal orientation inreference to the evacuated beam transport tube 905. The evacuated beamtube 920 can rotate about the axis of the downward traveling particlebeam 710. The evacuated beam tube 920 extends a given length 945 fromthe center of rotation of the rotatable vacuum seal 910. This length 945thus defines the width of the “scan pass”. Specifically, the “scan pass”is twice the length 945 of the evacuated beam tube 920 since theevacuated beam tube 920 length 945 is the radius of the circle throughwhich the evacuated beam tube 920 can be rotated. It should beunderstood that the “scan pass” can include a pass, or sweep of 0-360degrees along beam arc 940.

Rotation of the evacuated beam tube 920 can be controlled by controlsystem 705, and realized with a mechanical drive 925, such as a motor,that is configured to rotate the evacuated beam tube 920 according tosignals provide by the control system 705. In certain embodiments, theevacuated beam tube 920 can be rotated at a constant speed. In such acase the rotational speed can be determined according to the pulsingrate of the accelerator (i.e. duty factor). It should be understood thatthe rotational speed may be relatively slow compared to the scanningspeed of other embodiments. However, by pulsing the accelerator (dutyfactor) a wide range of irradiation doses can still be achieved, withthe added advantage that the control system 705 is only required tocontrol duty factor, when the rotational speed is constant.

The particle beam 710 transverse the horizontal beam tube 920 and thenis bent downward by a second bending magnet 930. A target 950 can beplaced at the end of the movable snout 900 that can convert the electronbeam 710 to a beam of gamma-rays, x-rays, etc. to create the desiredpattern. The beam 710 then exits via a beam window 935 and impinges onthe desired target 678.

The snout 900 can impart arbitrary patterns of beam irradiation along abeam arc 940. Using the snout 900, a desired pattern can be achieved viavariation of the rotation angle of the horizontal beam tube 920, and/oron-off modulation of the beam 710, coordinated with the rotation angle.In another embodiment, the control system 705 can further control beamdelivery via modulation of the beam 710 energy, and/or the fieldstrength of the bending magnet 915, and/or bending magnet 930.

For example, when the control system includes control of beam energy,field strength of the bending magnets, on-off modulation of the beam,horizontal angle of the beam tube, and speed of mobile unit 669 withrespect to the target volume, very precise patterns of material 688irradiation in the target area can be achieved. Such patterns may beuseful for manufacturing scenarios requiring complex patterns ofirradiation like radiation induced cross-linking, medical sterilization,waste treatment, and in situ applications utilizing a mobileaccelerator.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment, of a system for managing the dutyfactor and/or beam location according to the speed of the mobile unit669. The mobile unit 669 can include one or more position sensors 750,and/or a GPS receiver 1010.

In an embodiment, the position sensors 750 can collect position data1005 indicative of a location of features on the surface over which themobile unit 669 is passing. The beam 710 output from the accelerator 662and RF sources 664 can be a known distance 1015 from the sensor 750. Thesensor 750 can provide data to the control system 705, which can in turnadjust the duty factor of the accelerator 663 according to the datacollected by the sensor 750.

In another embodiment, the location, speed, and acceleration of themobile unit 669 can be recorded by a GPS unit 1010. The GPS unit canprovide such data to the control system 705. In such embodiments, thecontrol system 705 can be prepared with a desired structural design forthe target area 678, and an irradiation dose assigned to each voxel.Alternatively, or in addition, the position sensor 750 can collect dataas the mobile unit 669 passes over the underlying surface, and thenecessary irradiation dose can be determined at, or near, real time. Inboth cases, the control system can adjust the duty factor of theaccelerator 662 according to the data collected from the GPS unit 1010and/or the position sensor 750.

In general, if the mobile unit 669 is moving faster, the duty factor ofthe accelerator 662 will increase in order to sufficiently dose eachvoxel in less time. By contrast, if the mobile unit 669 is movingslower, the duty factor of the accelerator 662 can decrease in order toproperly dose each voxel. In certain cases, the speed of the mobile unit669 can be adjusted, instead of, or in addition to, adjustment of dutyfactor of the mobile accelerator 662, in order to ensure the proper doseof irradiation is applied to each voxel. In certain cases, a driver ofthe mobile unit can be provided a real time speed target, necessary toproperly dose each voxel. In other embodiments, the speed of the mobileunit can be controlled autonomously by the control system 705.

In yet another embodiment, the speed of the mobile unit 669 can be usedto adjust the duty factor of the accelerator 662. In such cases, thespeed of the mobile unit 669 can be collected with an onboardspeedometer, or other such device. The speed of the mobile unit 669 canbe provided to the control system 705. The control system 705 can bepreloaded with a desired structural design for the target area 678, andan irradiation dose assigned to each voxel, and/or the position sensor750 can collect data as the mobile unit 669 passes over the underlyingsurface, and the necessary irradiation dose for each voxel can bedetermined at, or near, real time. The control system 705 can use thespeed of the mobile unit to adjust the duty factor of the accelerator sothat the requisite dose of irradiation is applied to each voxel.

In an embodiment, the systems and methods disclosed herein can be usedto render three dimensional objects. Such embodiments can includesystems and methods for additive manufacturing of objects of varyingsize and shape. For example, some embodiments can include extreme-scaleadditive manufacturing applied over large swaths of terrain.

In one such embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 11 a physical barrier 1105can be placed around a construction location 1110. In certainembodiments, the construction location 1110 can be excavated or raisedas necessary for the desired project. Cross-linkable liquid 1115 can bepoured into the construction location 1110, and a mobile unit 669 canpass through or over the construction location 1110. The mobile unitaccelerator can irradiate select locations in the construction location1110 with the required irradiation dose. The location and dose of eachvoxel in the construction location 1110 can be defined according to athree dimensional design provided to the control system 705.

Position sensors 1120 can be situated along the barrier, and/or in theconstruction location. Additional position sensors 1125 can be providedon the mobile accelerator. It should be appreciated that the positionsensors 1120 and position sensors 1125 can comprise GPS receivers, imagesensors, sonic sensors, beacons, location sensors, or other such sensorsas disclosed herein. The sensors can be used to accurately determine thelocation of the beam in the construction location 1110. The controlsystem 705 can use this information to control one or more of theposition of the mobile unit, the duty factor of the accelerator, and/orthe speed of the mobile unit, such that a layer of the three dimensionaldesign is realized.

Once a layer of the three dimensional design is complete, the remainingcross-linkable liquid 1115 can be drained away, for example throughdrain 1130, and a new layer of cross-linkable liquid can be introducedin the construction location 1110. The process can be repeated multipletimes to build multiple layers of a three dimensional structure, untilthe desired three dimensional structure is completed.

FIG. 12 illustrates a method 1200 for fabrication of three dimensionalstructures in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. The methodbegins at 1205.

At 1210, a three dimensional structure can be designed. Features may bedesigned from scratch using a computer system assuming an arbitrarytarget surface or according to a specific target surface. Voxels of thedesign may be assigned irradiation values as well as actual 2D or 3Ddimensions. The desired dose for each voxel will be imparted to thetarget surface via the mobile accelerator. At 1215, the target surfacecan be prepared for fabrication. In some cases, this can include any of,excavating some or all areas of the surface, building mounds or otherterrain features in the surface, securing a barrier around the targetsurface to contain cross-linking liquid, leveling the surface, slopingthe surface, etc.

The completed build surface can be covered with (or filled with)cross-linking material as illustrated at 1220. The mobile unit can thentraverse the build surface to selectively irradiate locations in thebuild surface with the required irradiation dose. The location and doseof each voxel of the build surface can be defined according to thethree-dimensional design provided to the control system. The mobile unitcan be driven through the build surface by an operator, can be remotelycontrolled by an operator, or can be autonomously controlled by thecontrol system. The mobile unit can follow a pre-defined path, a randompath, a most efficient path, or a raster type path, through the buildsurface. Likewise, the accelerator's duty factor can be controlledaccording to the motion of the mobile unit as detailed above. Positionsensors can be situated along the barrier, and/or in the build surfaceand additional position sensors can be provided on the mobile unit. Thesensors can be used to accurately determine the location of the mobileunit in the construction location in order to control one or more of theposition of the mobile unit, the duty factor of the accelerator, and/orthe speed of the mobile unit.

Once the mobile unit has completed a pass over and/or through the buildsurface, the remaining cross-linkable liquid can be drained away orotherwise removed from the build surface at 1230. At this point, asingle layer of the desired three-dimensional structure is complete, asillustrated by 1235.

The process can be iterated according to decision block 1240. If thestructure has not been completed as indicated at 1250, the process isrepeated from step 1220 where additional crosslinking liquid isdeposited on the build site. If the desired three dimensional structurehas been completed, as shown at step 1245, the fabrication of thedesired three-dimensional structure is done, and the method ends at1255. It should be understood that the method 1200 can be accomplishedusing one or more of the systems illustrated herein.

In an embodiment, the methods and systems disclosed herein can beimplemented in the fabrication of electrified roads. Electrified roadsprovide numerous advantages for electric vehicle technology, byproviding power to a vehicle as it travels along a roadway. In someembodiments, the electrified road can be realized by inserting acharging rail in a conduit formed in the road. FIG. 13A illustrates anelectrified roadway system 1300 in accordance with the disclosedembodiments. As illustrated, a channel 1305 is cut in a roadway 1310. Aconduit 1315 can be inserted in the channel, and an electric rail 1320is installed in the conduit 1315. The electric rail can be connected toan external power source 1335, such as solar collectors, windgenerators, batteries, the existing power grid, a power plant, etc. Anelectric vehicle 1325 can be equipped with a coupler 1330 that contactsthe electric rail 1320, and draws a charge, such that batteries and/orthe motor associated with the electric vehicle 1325 receives power.

FIG. 13B illustrates a method 1350 for constructing an electrified roadin accordance with the embodiments disclosed herein. The method beginsat 1355. At 1360, a channel can be formed in a roadway. In some cases,this can comprise forming a new roadway, with a channel therein, or cancomprise removing material from an existing roadway to form the channel.At 1365, an electric rail and conduit assembly can be installed in thechannel. Voids surrounding the electric rail and conduit assembly cannext be filled at step 1370. The void can be filled with cross-linkablematerial, as described herein.

At step 1375, the cross-linkable material can be irradiated according tothe methods and systems disclosed herein. It is important to note thatthis step can include a “tagging” process. The tagging process includesirradiating cross-linkable material, while strictly avoiding anyirradiation of the electric rail and conduit assembly. This can includeidentifying the electric rail and conduit assembly based oncharacteristics such as, reflectivity of the rail, color of the rail,etc. Tagging can include either an instruction to irradiate the subjectvoxel element (because it has been identified as cross-linkablematerial) provided by the control system, or an instruction not toirradiate the subject voxel element (because it is a part of theelectric rail and conduit assembly) provided by the control system.Tagging can thus include using sensors to identify the rail assembly.When the rail assembly is identified, the control system associated withthe accelerator can adjust one or both of the duty cycle of theaccelerator and the location of the accelerator beam, to ensure thecross-linkable material is irradiated but the electric rail and conduitassembly is not. The method ends at 1380.

Treatment, according to the method 1350, of the material surrounding theelectric rail and conduit assembly makes the electrified roadway moreresilient. This is important because it is more expensive to constructsections of electrified roadways than typical roadways. Thus, extendingthe life of electrified roadways, even by relatively short amounts oftime, yields significant cost savings for the roadway lifecycle.

In another embodiment, the electric roadway can be constructed usinginduction coils embedded in the roadway. FIG. 14A illustrates aninductive charging roadway system 1400 in accordance with the disclosedembodiments. The inductive charging roadway system 1400 includes one ormore inductive coils 1405 embedded in, and buried completely (orpartially) beneath the road surface 1410 in a void 1430. The inductivecoil(s) 1405 can be connected to an external power source 1415, such assolar collectors, wind generators, batteries, the existing power grid, apower plant, etc.

Inductive electric vehicle 1420 traveling along the road can include oneor more inductive coils 1425. The induced electromagnetic field createdby the inductive coil(s) 1405 induces a current in the inductive coil1425, as the electric vehicle 1420 passes. The induced current can beused to charge batteries and/or provide current to the motor associatedwith the inductive electric vehicle 1420.

In order to integrate the inductive coil in the pavement, thesurrounding material must be of a low-viscosity, in order to flow aroundthe coil's complex form. Method 1450 illustrated in FIG. 14B provides aprocess for forming an inductive charging roadway. The method begins at1455.

At 1460, at least one void can be formed in a roadway. In some cases,this can comprise forming a new roadway, with a void therein. In othercases, this can comprise removing material from an existing roadway toform the void. At 1465, an induction coil can be installed in the void,and the induction coil can be connected to a power source.

Cross-linkable material can next be used to fill the void at 1470. Thecross-linkable material should be of a viscosity that allows it to flowaround, and cover, the induction coil form factor. Thus, thecross-linkable material can be selected to have a relatively lowviscosity so that the completed fill is durable while still conformingclosely to the coil's shape. At step 1475, the cross-linkable materialcan be irradiated according to the methods and systems disclosed hereinso that the roadway is completed and smooth. The method ends at 1480.

Many other implementation and configurations are envisioned. Forexample, the systems and methods disclosed herein can be applied tocreate functional features in a surface (e.g. increase lateralstiffness, control directional friction, repair damage, or increasedraining efficiency). Cracks of arbitrary shape can be targeted, meltedand re-rolled. Tiles of pre-formed pavement may be placed andcrosslinked together with treatment directed toward the tile interfaces.Grooves can be formed in roads to create musical roads, warning tones,and more descriptive tones that communicate road conditions andlocations via electronic interpretation of said tones aboard thevehicle. In other embodiments, extreme-scale additive manufacturing canalso be achieved over large swaths of terrain.

Based on the foregoing, it can be appreciated that a number ofembodiments, preferred and alternative, are disclosed herein. It shouldbe appreciated that variations of the above-disclosed and other featuresand functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined intomany other different systems or applications. In an embodiment, afabrication method comprises defining a desired pattern for imparting ona target area, mapping the target area, defining at least one discretevoxel in the target area, according to the desired pattern to beimparted on the target area, assigning an irradiation value to each ofthe at least one discrete voxels, and delivering a dose of irradiationto each of the at least one discrete voxels according to the assignedirradiation value.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises delivering the dose ofirradiation with an accelerator. In an embodiment the method comprisesadjusting a duty factor of the accelerator according to the assignedirradiation value for each of the at least one discrete voxels.

In an embodiment delivering the dose of irradiation further comprises atleast one of: directing an electron beam accelerator mounted to avehicle through the target area, and sweeping an electron beam over thetarget area. The method further comprises directing the vehicle in apredefined path, wherein the predefined path is selected according tothe desired pattern for imparting on the target area. In an embodimentthe method further comprises determining a position of the vehicle inthe target area with at least one sensor. In an embodiment the methodfurther comprises depositing a cross-linking material in the targetarea.

In an embodiment the accelerator comprises an electron beam acceleratormounted to a vehicle

In an embodiment the target area is at least one of: two-dimensional,and three-dimensional.

In another embodiment the method further comprises iteratively creatinga plurality of layers, the plurality of layers forming athree-dimensional structure.

In an embodiment a fabrication system comprises a mobile acceleratorsystem, and a control system configured for: defining a desired patternfor imparting on a target area, mapping the target area defining atleast one discrete voxel in the target area, according to the desiredpattern to be imparted on the target area, and assigning an irradiationvalue to each of the at least one discrete voxels; wherein the mobileaccelerator system delivers a dose of irradiation to each of the atleast one discrete voxels according to the assigned irradiation value.

In an embodiment the mobile accelerator system further comprises amobile unit, an accelerator, and a beam bending assembly, the beambending assembly adjusting a terminal position of a beam provided by theaccelerator.

In an embodiment the beam bending assembly comprises at least one beambending magnet. In an embodiment the beam bending assembly comprises abeam bending snout. In an embodiment the beam bending assembly isconfigured to direct an electron beam from the accelerator through thetarget area.

In an embodiment the system further comprises a vehicle for moving themobile accelerator system in a predefined path, the predefined pathselected according to the desired pattern for imparting on the targetarea. The system can further comprise at least one position sensorconfigured for determining a position of the mobile accelerator assemblyin the target area.

In another embodiment a fabrication method comprises designing astructure, defining at least one discrete voxel in the structure,assigning an irradiation value to each of the at least one discretevoxels, covering a build surface with material, and delivering a dose ofirradiation to each of the at least one discrete voxels according to theassigned irradiation value.

In an embodiment the method further comprises preparing the buildsurface for fabrication. In an embodiment the method further comprisesiteratively creating a plurality of layers associated with thestructure.

It should be understood that various presently unforeseen orunanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvementstherein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which arealso intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A fabrication method comprising: defining adesired pattern for imparting on an existing target area in situ;mapping said existing target area in situ; defining at least onediscrete voxel in said existing target area, according to said desiredpattern to be imparted on said existing target area in situ; assigningan irradiation value to each of said at least one discrete voxels; anddelivering a dose of irradiation with a particle accelerator, to each ofsaid at least one discrete voxels according to said assigned irradiationvalue.
 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: depositing across-linking material in said existing target area.
 3. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said existing target area is at least one of:two-dimensional; and three-dimensional.
 4. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising: iteratively creating a plurality of layers, said pluralityof layers forming a three-dimensional structure.
 5. The method of claim1 further comprising: delivering said dose of irradiation with anaccelerator.
 6. The method of claim 5 further comprising: adjusting aduty factor of said accelerator according to said assigned irradiationvalue for each of said at least one discrete voxels.
 7. The method ofclaim 5 wherein said accelerator comprises an electron beam acceleratormounted to a vehicle; and a cooling unit in thermal contact with theelectron beam accelerator.
 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising:determining a position of said vehicle in said existing target area withat least one sensor.
 9. The method of claim 5 wherein delivering thedose of irradiation further comprises: directing an electron beamaccelerator, mounted to a vehicle, through said existing target area;and sweeping the electron beam over said existing target area.
 10. Themethod of claim 9 further comprising: directing said vehicle in apredefined path, wherein said predefined path is selected according tosaid desired pattern for imparting on said existing target area.
 11. Afabrication method comprising: designing a structure; preparing a buildsurface in situ for said structure; defining at least one discrete voxelin said structure; assigning an irradiation value to each of said atleast one discrete voxels; covering a build surface with material; anddelivering a dose of irradiation to each of said at least one discretevoxels according to said assigned irradiation value, with a mobile unitcomprising a particle accelerator mounted on a transportation device.12. The method of claim 11 wherein covering a build surface withmaterial further comprises: pouring a curable liquid on said buildsurface.
 13. The method of claim 11 further comprising: iterativelycreating a plurality of layers associated with said structure.
 14. Themethod of claim 12 further comprising: draining remaining curable liquidfrom said build surface.